UB01 DENSITY \/ TYPE OF BUILDING<\/h2><\/div><\/p>\nChoosing the building type according to sustainability parameters<\/h4>\n
<\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”24435″ img_size=”medium” alignment=”right”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_text_separator title=”” color=”custom” border_width=”4″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Aim<\/b><\/p>\n
Selecting the appropriate type of building is crucial to determining the resulting density and an efficient network of urban facilities to service the living units. The result must be an appropriate concentration of people in the area to stimulate the exchanges and relations between people and activities. This concentration simplifies and makes the necessary infrastructures more efficient.<\/p>\n
Why?<\/strong><\/p>\nIn new urban developments, the choice of building types has direct consequences on the following variables:
\n\u2022 Land use: The more land occupied by the same population, the less efficient the use of land as a resource, the more expenditure on the implementation and maintenance of networks and infrastructures.
\n\u2022 Mobility: Compact settlements are less dependent on transport systems. Sprawling urban developments generate a massive use of private vehicles for everyday activities and complicate effective management of public transport networks.
\n\u2022 Complexity: A heterogeneous group of buildings favours the occurrence of singularities or landmarks. It also fosters the coexistence of diverse populations in social terms. Scattered monofunctional areas or areas with only one type of buildings become vulnerable, homogeneous and not very diverse.
\n\u2022 Facilities: A scattered population does not allow effective use of facilities and, when the population mass is reduced, the area is difficult to properly manage and use.
\n\u2022 Use of public space: In the public space of densely populated areas, a greater social life is developed. In the sprawl areas the use of the public spaces is more dependent on transport.
\n\u2022 Economic activity: A sufficient population provides an adequate market for a variety of economic activities.<\/p>\n
How?<\/strong><\/p>\nMany authors establish in 60\u201380 dwellings per hectare, (about 200\u2013250 inhabitants per hectare) as the optimal threshold of density to meet the advantages of a compact city. Others, following specific sustainability parameters (such as the Agencia de Ecolog\u00eda Urbana de Barcelona), recommend raising the density to the range of 80\u2013100 dwellings per hectare.
\nUrban planning should be designed with some complexity and with a variety of forms and types. Diversity of building types is an attribute of sustainability as it implies:
\n\u2022 variety of architectural forms that help to structure the space, provide it with references and internal singularities;
\n\u2022 variety of dwellings, since combining types allows a better adaptation to the conditions of the place and of the relief, especially in uneven territories;
\n\u2022 variety of individuals in terms of their income and possibilities of purchasing certain types of housing; and
\n\u2022 a variety of uses to avoid excessively monofunctional arrangements by combining residential use with tertiary, commercial and even industrial uses always within the limits of regulatory compatibility.<\/p>\n
In cold climates, where heating is the main requirement for conditioning, reducing the ratio of fa\u00e7ade surface to volume is recommended, resulting in a compact building configuration and minimised energy losses.
\nDetached single family homes consume twice as much energy as residential units in apartment buildings. Despite having more limited possibilities of solar energy gains, the proportion is maintained because losses are also minimised.<\/p>\n
For newly developed areas, planning should reflect a preference for reduced building depths with dual aspect flats to eliminate north-facing dwellings and favour cross ventilation. Block orientation should give the south, south-east or south-west fa\u00e7ade maximum length whenever possible. If they are not dual aspect flats, the north orientations should be for ancillary non-residential uses and the patios will be conditioned to illuminate and ventilate the habitable parts.<\/p>\n
This measure, for the same values of development potential and added to the criterion of access to direct sunlight of all buildings, can lead to a decrease in the density of urban developments and, therefore, considerably increase urban sprawl. Likewise, if we add to this the consequent increases in energy consumption generated by the increase in the surface area of the fa\u00e7ade, it will be necessary to find a balance between advisable densities and widespread use of dual aspect flats.<\/p>\n
For selecting the proportions of the volume to be built, it is necessary to\u00a0take into account the relationship between the height of the building and the shade cast, and its effect on the surface of the surrounding open spaces. Walter Neuzil’s studies, collected in a good part of specialised manuals, establish that the increase in free surface area due to an increase in the number of storeys keeping the same buildable volume is ineffective from the fourth storey upwards because of the shadow it causes on the free space and, therefore, its use. Moreover, the shape of the building is also critical: for instance, the area of shadow that does not receive direct sunlight all year round is larger in a longitudinal block than in a tower with the same volume.<\/p>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”25025″ img_size=”full”][vc_single_image image=”24372″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Compact planning. Hammarby Sj\u00f6stad Hans Kylberg https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/<\/em><\/h5>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”24371″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Hammarby Sj\u00f6stad. https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/<\/em><\/h5>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″ css=”.vc_custom_1548800623319{background-color: #fdfae4 !important;}”][vc_text_separator title=”DISTRICT SCALE INTERVENTION” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_single_image image=”24679″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_text_separator title=”ISSUES AFFECTED” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_gallery type=”image_grid” images=”23817,23899,23824,23820,23826,23907,23902,23821,23908,23819,23818,23822″ onclick=”custom_link” custom_links=”https:\/\/www.saulverez.com,https:\/\/www.concellodelugo.com” img_size=”52×52″][vc_text_separator title=”SUITABLE FOR COMBINING WITH OTHER SOLUTIONS” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_gallery type=”image_grid” images=”25569,25570,25571″ onclick=”custom_link” img_size=”150×55″ custom_links=”http:\/\/www.lugobiodinamico.eu\/catalogo\/en\/proyectos\/ub02-orientation-of-buildings\/,http:\/\/www.lugobiodinamico.eu\/catalogo\/en\/proyectos\/ub03-direct-sunlight-in-open-spaces\/,http:\/\/www.lugobiodinamico.eu\/catalogo\/en\/proyectos\/ub04-seasonal-shading\/,”][vc_text_separator title=”MEASURING ELEMENTS” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Indicator<\/strong>
\nHousing density. Impact on other indicators.<\/p>\nUnit<\/strong>
\ndwellings\/ha<\/p>\nMinimum goal<\/strong>
\n60 dwellings\/ha<\/p>\nDesirable goal<\/strong>
\n80 dwellings\/ha<\/p>\nMeasuring method \/ Formula<\/strong><\/p>\nNumber of dwellings per hectare = A \/ B<\/p>\n
A: Number of dwellings
\nB: Surface area of work in hectares excluding general systems that may exist in the field of work. In retrofit interventions of an existing city, it can be measured by neighbourhood.<\/p>\n
Note: Dwellings per hectare should be considered as net density after deducting the general systems (not the local ones) of a residential development. General systems are facilities at the service of all or most of the local community, as opposed to local systems \u2014 or facilities \u2014 that are at the predominant service of a specific intervention area.[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=”PLANNING LEVEL” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Master Plan, Development Plan[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=”AGENTS INVOLVED” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Planning Design team
\nCouncil arquitect
\nReal estate developers[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=”Possible actions promoted by the administration” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Drafting of building regulations in accordance with this strategy. Consider the example of other bioclimatic ordinances such as that of Tres Cantos in Madrid.[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=”What should we consider for its implementation?” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Balancing optimum density with a variety of types to result in open spaces adapted to the site climate and enabling combination with compatible uses.[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=”EXAMPLES” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Hammarby Sj\u00f6stad <\/em>![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.lugobiodinamico.eu\/catalogo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Enlace-web-150x150.png\")
<\/a><\/p>\n
Choosing the building type according to sustainability parameters<\/h4>\n
<\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”24435″ img_size=”medium” alignment=”right”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_text_separator title=”” color=”custom” border_width=”4″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Aim<\/b><\/p>\n
Selecting the appropriate type of building is crucial to determining the resulting density and an efficient network of urban facilities to service the living units. The result must be an appropriate concentration of people in the area to stimulate the exchanges and relations between people and activities. This concentration simplifies and makes the necessary infrastructures more efficient.<\/p>\n
Why?<\/strong><\/p>\n In new urban developments, the choice of building types has direct consequences on the following variables: How?<\/strong><\/p>\n Many authors establish in 60\u201380 dwellings per hectare, (about 200\u2013250 inhabitants per hectare) as the optimal threshold of density to meet the advantages of a compact city. Others, following specific sustainability parameters (such as the Agencia de Ecolog\u00eda Urbana de Barcelona), recommend raising the density to the range of 80\u2013100 dwellings per hectare. In cold climates, where heating is the main requirement for conditioning, reducing the ratio of fa\u00e7ade surface to volume is recommended, resulting in a compact building configuration and minimised energy losses. For newly developed areas, planning should reflect a preference for reduced building depths with dual aspect flats to eliminate north-facing dwellings and favour cross ventilation. Block orientation should give the south, south-east or south-west fa\u00e7ade maximum length whenever possible. If they are not dual aspect flats, the north orientations should be for ancillary non-residential uses and the patios will be conditioned to illuminate and ventilate the habitable parts.<\/p>\n This measure, for the same values of development potential and added to the criterion of access to direct sunlight of all buildings, can lead to a decrease in the density of urban developments and, therefore, considerably increase urban sprawl. Likewise, if we add to this the consequent increases in energy consumption generated by the increase in the surface area of the fa\u00e7ade, it will be necessary to find a balance between advisable densities and widespread use of dual aspect flats.<\/p>\n For selecting the proportions of the volume to be built, it is necessary to\u00a0take into account the relationship between the height of the building and the shade cast, and its effect on the surface of the surrounding open spaces. Walter Neuzil’s studies, collected in a good part of specialised manuals, establish that the increase in free surface area due to an increase in the number of storeys keeping the same buildable volume is ineffective from the fourth storey upwards because of the shadow it causes on the free space and, therefore, its use. Moreover, the shape of the building is also critical: for instance, the area of shadow that does not receive direct sunlight all year round is larger in a longitudinal block than in a tower with the same volume.<\/p>\n [\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”25025″ img_size=”full”][vc_single_image image=”24372″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n [\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”24371″ img_size=”full”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″ css=”.vc_custom_1548800623319{background-color: #fdfae4 !important;}”][vc_text_separator title=”DISTRICT SCALE INTERVENTION” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_single_image image=”24679″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_text_separator title=”ISSUES AFFECTED” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_gallery type=”image_grid” images=”23817,23899,23824,23820,23826,23907,23902,23821,23908,23819,23818,23822″ onclick=”custom_link” custom_links=”https:\/\/www.saulverez.com,https:\/\/www.concellodelugo.com” img_size=”52×52″][vc_text_separator title=”SUITABLE FOR COMBINING WITH OTHER SOLUTIONS” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_gallery type=”image_grid” images=”25569,25570,25571″ onclick=”custom_link” img_size=”150×55″ custom_links=”http:\/\/www.lugobiodinamico.eu\/catalogo\/en\/proyectos\/ub02-orientation-of-buildings\/,http:\/\/www.lugobiodinamico.eu\/catalogo\/en\/proyectos\/ub03-direct-sunlight-in-open-spaces\/,http:\/\/www.lugobiodinamico.eu\/catalogo\/en\/proyectos\/ub04-seasonal-shading\/,”][vc_text_separator title=”MEASURING ELEMENTS” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Indicator<\/strong> Unit<\/strong> Minimum goal<\/strong> Desirable goal<\/strong> Measuring method \/ Formula<\/strong><\/p>\n Number of dwellings per hectare = A \/ B<\/p>\n A: Number of dwellings Note: Dwellings per hectare should be considered as net density after deducting the general systems (not the local ones) of a residential development. General systems are facilities at the service of all or most of the local community, as opposed to local systems \u2014 or facilities \u2014 that are at the predominant service of a specific intervention area.[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=”PLANNING LEVEL” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Master Plan, Development Plan[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=”AGENTS INVOLVED” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Planning Design team
\n\u2022 Land use: The more land occupied by the same population, the less efficient the use of land as a resource, the more expenditure on the implementation and maintenance of networks and infrastructures.
\n\u2022 Mobility: Compact settlements are less dependent on transport systems. Sprawling urban developments generate a massive use of private vehicles for everyday activities and complicate effective management of public transport networks.
\n\u2022 Complexity: A heterogeneous group of buildings favours the occurrence of singularities or landmarks. It also fosters the coexistence of diverse populations in social terms. Scattered monofunctional areas or areas with only one type of buildings become vulnerable, homogeneous and not very diverse.
\n\u2022 Facilities: A scattered population does not allow effective use of facilities and, when the population mass is reduced, the area is difficult to properly manage and use.
\n\u2022 Use of public space: In the public space of densely populated areas, a greater social life is developed. In the sprawl areas the use of the public spaces is more dependent on transport.
\n\u2022 Economic activity: A sufficient population provides an adequate market for a variety of economic activities.<\/p>\n
\nUrban planning should be designed with some complexity and with a variety of forms and types. Diversity of building types is an attribute of sustainability as it implies:
\n\u2022 variety of architectural forms that help to structure the space, provide it with references and internal singularities;
\n\u2022 variety of dwellings, since combining types allows a better adaptation to the conditions of the place and of the relief, especially in uneven territories;
\n\u2022 variety of individuals in terms of their income and possibilities of purchasing certain types of housing; and
\n\u2022 a variety of uses to avoid excessively monofunctional arrangements by combining residential use with tertiary, commercial and even industrial uses always within the limits of regulatory compatibility.<\/p>\n
\nDetached single family homes consume twice as much energy as residential units in apartment buildings. Despite having more limited possibilities of solar energy gains, the proportion is maintained because losses are also minimised.<\/p>\nCompact planning. Hammarby Sj\u00f6stad Hans Kylberg https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/<\/em><\/h5>\n
Hammarby Sj\u00f6stad. https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/<\/em><\/h5>\n
\nHousing density. Impact on other indicators.<\/p>\n
\ndwellings\/ha<\/p>\n
\n60 dwellings\/ha<\/p>\n
\n80 dwellings\/ha<\/p>\n
\nB: Surface area of work in hectares excluding general systems that may exist in the field of work. In retrofit interventions of an existing city, it can be measured by neighbourhood.<\/p>\n
\nCouncil arquitect
\nReal estate developers[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=”Possible actions promoted by the administration” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Drafting of building regulations in accordance with this strategy. Consider the example of other bioclimatic ordinances such as that of Tres Cantos in Madrid.[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=”What should we consider for its implementation?” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Balancing optimum density with a variety of types to result in open spaces adapted to the site climate and enabling combination with compatible uses.[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=”EXAMPLES” color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#fae699″][vc_column_text]Hammarby Sj\u00f6stad <\/em><\/a><\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.lugobiodinamico.eu\/catalogo\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Enlace-web-300x300.png\")
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